The Shortcomings of Standardized Testing - 1636 Words

Since the U.S. Congress passed the No Child Left Behind program, standardized testing has become the norm for American schools. Under this system, each child attending a school is required to take a standardized test at specific grade points to assess their level of comprehension. Parents, scholars and all stakeholders involved take part in constant discussions over its effectiveness in evaluating students’ comprehension, teachers’ competency and the effects of the test on the education system. Though these tests were put in place to create equality, experts note that they have created more inequality in the classroom. In efforts to explore this issue further, this essay reviews two articles on standardized testing. This essay reviews the†¦show more content†¦However, this fails to take into account different environments and their influence on the students’ performances. As a result, standardized tests should be specialized to the environment of the lea rners and the educators. According to Ravitch’s article, she changed her mind on the effectiveness of standardized tests four years after advocating for its use in the public education system. The change came after she evaluated its outcome on the American education system. The No Child Left Behind Act was enacted in 2001 to reinforce the statutes of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The act stipulated that all states in the union must formulate assessment methods that would be used to evaluate a student’s understanding of basic concepts. In order for the federal government to allocate budgetary funding to any state for education purposes, the states must assess all students at specific points of their education. Though the act does not necessarily specify a national standard that each state should attain, each state must set in place its own standards. According to Birman, et al., (12) the act increased the federal government’s influence on the curriculum, teachers’ qua lification and funding changes. Birdman et al. assert that the act illuminated the role of educators on the students’ performance. Ravitch seems to share the same sentiments; she states that she never thought the test would be used a measure of teachers’ performance or a tool to closeShow MoreRelatedStandardized Assessment Is The Only Instrument For Measuring Student Learning Outcomes1465 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing has been used in the American higher education platforms to assess student achievement at individual,classroom,instructor,school,region, district,state and national levels.The results obtained from standardized tests have provided all parties with information regarding the direction of education and provide catalysts for improvement.Arguments concerning the merits of standardized assessments as a measure of college and university effectiveness have been around since time immemorialRead MoreEssay about Its Time to End School Inequality1141 Wor ds   |  5 Pages The right to an adequate education is a freedom every American child should have; however, that is not the case. Standardized testing reveals that students living in an economically stable neighborhood are more mentally developed than students living in poverty stricken communities. The problem with the educational system is not schools need to close and children need to be relocated to another one, it is inequality within the educational system continues to widen due to the expansionRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind Act1247 Words   |  5 Pagesaccountability is the cornerstone of the policy. In the name of accountability, standardized tests are administered to students nationwide. The results of these tests are returned to schools, students, and parents for review of which subject areas are being performed below expectations and statewide average. The schools are then expected to use these results to adjust their teaching rigor and methodol ogy to accommodate any shortcomings (Schraw, 2010). With this mentality, the level of student accountabilityRead More Jesus and Socrates Would Have Difficulty Surviving in America’s Public Education System1652 Words   |  7 Pageseducational crises of poor colored people – distinctively, blacks and Latinos. To put it clearly, the crux is K-12 public education in America is nowhere near as good as it should be, and it is predominantly the poor who bear the brunt of educational shortcomings. Chiefly, we ought to acknowledge that structures and functional dilemmas are inseparable, that institutions and values coexist as a dyadic function. â€Å"Minorities are more prone to attend high-poverty schools – that is, public schools where greaterRead MoreWhat Is Causing America s Academic Shortcomings? Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesNevin Johnson Chuck Justin English 21 November 2016 What is Causing America’s Academic Shortcomings? Since the beginning of global standardized testing, American students have been less than impressive. Numerous other countries consistently score higher than students in the United States. While comparing the test scores from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), two major cross-national studies of students’ scholasticRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing And The Education System1529 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Stakes Testing has been overly integrated in the education systems. High-stakes testing are used to determine grade retention, school curriculum, and whether or not students will receive a high school diploma (Myers, 2015). Since the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, high stakes testing has become the norm and mandating that students must pass a standardized test before moving up in grade. As a special education director, the focus is to ensure the student’s accommodations are being followedRead MoreThe Model Of A Public School Setting914 Words   |  4 Pagesmodels are discussed and considered as viable methods of achieving this goal. Each of these models have been utilized in a public school setting and although all three models are purported to promote equality of opportunity, each possess some shortcoming that detracts from the potential for success. The first model is the Common-School Model that promotes the same equal and common education to students of all social backgrounds as a way of eliminating those very differences. Initially promotedRead MoreTeaching Is Not Be Mastered : No Perfect Method946 Words   |  4 Pages Teaching is an art that cannot be mastered; no perfect method exists and often the lines between teacher and student blur. Being a teacher requires balancing the two, keeping in mind the duties of a teacher as well as your own shortcomings. â€Å"Good teaching is forever pursuing better teaching; it is always dynamic and in motion, always growing, learning, developing, searching for a better way (Ayers 160).† Tests have always been a quality assessment of learning and ability, but they don’t accuratelyRead MoreThe Use Of Ketamine As A Narcotic Medication Prescribed As An Anesthetic Agent And An Analgesic Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagesintranasal ketamine data (Lee, Della Selva, Liu and Himelhoc h, 2005). One shortcoming can be found in Lee et al. s analysis of meta-analysis s results. The overall effect size for day 1 had an overall standardized mean difference of 1.01, which, based on the lecture we were given the day this assignment was assigned, can be deemed as statistically questionable(dissimilar to what the meta-analysis states). Another shortcoming can be discovered in Price et al. (2014)’s moral limitations. Because theRead MoreProject Classroom Makeover By Cathy Davidson1384 Words   |  6 Pagestoo, playing games with their friends online and, of course, sharing music files online.† (49) In other words, technology is what most children are exposed to and they learn in ways in which only technology can teach them. With little exposure to standardized teaching and learning, a child may expect to learn in a way that is applicable to his or her everyday lifestyle. If children are used to retrieving information through a computer rather than a textbook, then why not make an adjustment that fits

Financial Accounting Mid Semester Exam Free Essays

string(30) " 30 April 2007 is show below\." D2ACC100 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MID SEMESTER EXAM REVISION COMPILATION D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: * Extracted from Past Year Mid Term Exam Paper: D2ACC100 – SEM 1, 2006 – SEM 3, 2007 * Original idea belongs to Mr Gooi Chee San * Some of the questions have been modified to cater the needs of current student Sem 3, 2007 Question 3 Cabao is a financial consultancy firm. It updates its accounts everyday. Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column headings below, using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effectD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 Copy the table below before answering. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Accounting Mid Semester Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Error| Net Income| Total Assets| Total Liabilities| Owner’s equity| Example: Receives $200 cash for services rendered the transaction was recorded as $20. | U| U| NE| U| (a) Cabao bought an office table for $500. It was recorded as purchase. | | | | | (b) The owner withdrew $800 cash. No record was made. | | | | | (c) Cabao provided consultancy service for $2,300. It was recorded as $3,200. | | | | | (d) Recorded electricity expense payment twice. | | | | | (e) Received $6,000 for consultancy service to be provided next year. It was recorded as debit cash and credit consultancy revenue. | | | | | Sem 2, 2007 Question 3 ABC is a firm providing management consultancy services. Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column headings below, using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effect Copy the table below before answering. ErrorD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 | Net Income| Total Assets| Total Liabilities| Owner’s equity| Example: Received $200 each for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20. U| U| NE| U| (a) Depreciation expense was $5,000 for the period. It was wrongly charged as $3,000. | | | | | (b) Provided consultancy service to a client on credit basis. It was recorded as DR. Service Revenue CR. Accounts Receivable. | | | | | (c) Bought motor vehicle insurance policy on credit basis. It was recorded DR. Prepaid Insurance CR. Cash. | | | | | (d) Bought office equipment on credit basis. The of fice equipment was received but no payment was made yet. No entry was made at all on this purchase. | | | | | (e) The owner withdrew $2,000 for his family use. It was recorded as DR. Entertainment expense CR. Cash. | | | | | Sem 1, 2007 Question 3 Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the heading below. The business provides consultancy services to clients. Using the following code: O=overstated U=understated NE=no effect (Before answering, copy the table below) Error| NetProfit| TotalAssets| TotalLiaD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 bilities| Owner’sequity| Example: Received $500 cash for consultancy services rendered to a client, but recorded the transaction as $50. U| U| NE| U| (i)Did not record the utilities used. The amount has not yet been paid. | | | | | (ii)Bought and paid $200 for office supplies. The office supplies were kept in the cupboard. No entry has been made. | | | | | (iii)Provided consultancy service to a client for $4,000 on credit basis. No entry was made. No money was received. | | | | | (iv)Depreciation expense of motor vehicle was recorded twice. | | | | | (v )Provided consultancy service to a client for $800 on account. It was correctly recorded. When the $800 was received, it was recorded as DR Cash and CR Revenue. | | | | | Sem 3, 2006 Question 2 Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column heading below, using the following code: O = overstated U = understated NE = no effect Copy the table below before answering. Error| NetProfit| TotalAssets| TotalLiability| Owner’sequity| Example : Received $200 cash for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20| U| U| NE| U| (a) Billed for electricity used inD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 the month. Not paid and not recorded. | | | | | (b) Bought a computer for office use, terms n/30. It was recorded debit office expense and credit cash| | | | | (c) Provided service to a client and received cash. It was recorded twice| | | | | (d) Forgot to charge the depreciation of building| | | | | (e) Paid wages expense for the month. It was recorded; debit office supplies expense and credit cash. | | | | | Sem 2, 2006 Question 3 (20 marks) Indicate the immediate effect of the following errors on each of the accounting elements described in the column heading below, using the following code: O= overstated U=understated NE=no effect Copy the table below before answering. Error| Net Profit| Total Assets| Total Liability| Owner’s Equity| Example: Received $200 cash for services rendered to a customer, but recorded the transaction as $20. | U| U| NE| U| (a) Did not record purchase of inventory on credit basis, n/60. | | | | | (b) Did not charge depreciation expenD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 se of office equipment. | | | | | (c) Did not record withdrawal of $500 by owner for his family use. | | | | | (d) Paid wages expense once but recorded twice. | | | | | (e) Paid to Radio Station for advertisement to be aired next month, but the payment was not recorded. | | | | Sem 3, 2007 Question 2 Pasig is a trading business. An extract of the ledger balances as at 31 August 2007 is shown below. Pasig uses the periodic inventory system. | $| Cash at D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 bank (DR)Office equipmentMotor vehicleInventoryAccounts payableAccounts receivableCapital| 55,00015,00023,00012,00090,00080,000 95,000370,000| In September 2007, the following events took place: S ept 03| Pasig issued a cheque $2,000 to its supplier for purchases made in August 2007. | Sept 05| Bought inventory for $10,000 on the following terms 10/15, n/60. Sept 10| Pasig received a cheque of $7,000 from its customer for sales made in August 2007. | Sept 14| Pasig issued a cheque to fully settle the purchase made on September 05, 2007. | Sept 17| Sold inventory for $28,000 on the term 2/10, n/45. | Sept 20| The owner of Pasig issued a business cheque of $4,000 for his son to go for a private holiday. | Sept 25| Pasig purchase a computer, $3,000 by cheque, for office use. | Sept 29| Paid $9,000 to its employees for work done in September 2007. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the September transactions. (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b)Prepare a Trial Balance as at 30 September 2007. Sem 2, 2007 Question 2 Luzon started its business operation in 1824 as a trading enterprise. An extract of its ledger balances as at 3 0 April 2007 is show below. You read "Financial Accounting Mid Semester Exam" in category "Essay examples" Luzon has been using the period inventory system since inception. All payments and receipts are through its bank account. Ledger balances as at 30 April 2007 Ledger accounts| $| Cash at bank (DR)CapitalBank loanAccounts payableSalary payableOffice equipmenD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 Motor vehiclesAccounts receivableInventory| 80,000149,00050,00044,0003,00018,00064,00059,000 25,000 492,000| In May 2007, the following events took place: May 2| Luzon paid $3,000 to its employee for the salary it owed in April 2007. | May 4| Luzon sold some inventory for $11,000 and received payment immediately. | May 7| It bought $40,000 inventory on the following terms 5/10, n/60. | May 10| The owner of Luzon issued a cheque of $20,000 (from Luzon’s account) for his son to buy a motor vehicle. His son is studing in a French University. | May 14| Luzon sold some inventory for $17,000 on the follo wing terms 3/5, n/30. May 16| Luzon fully settled the amount owed for the purchase made on May 7. | May 23| Luzon paid $16,000 to its supplier for the purchase incurred in April 2007. No discount was granted. | May 29| Luzon bought a brand new photostat machine for $4,000, it was paid by cheque. | May 31| Luzon paid $6,000 to its workers for work done in May 2007. Luzon also paid $2,000 for the utilities consumed in May 2007. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the May 2007 transactions. (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b)Prepare a Trial Balance as at 31 May 2007. Sem 1, 2007 Question 2 SiemReap is a trading business. It buys and sells a standard-sized refrigerator. An extract of the ledger balances as at 31 January 2007 is shown below. The business uses the periodic inventory system. Cash at bank (DR)Office equipmentCapitalAccounts receivableAccounts payableMotor vehiclesTotal| $80,00030,000115,00070,00085,000 20,000 400,000| In February 2007, the following events took place:- February 02| SiemReap received a cheque of $13,000 from its customer for the sales made in January 2007. | February 05| Bought a dozen refrigerator for $50,000 on the following terms 2/10, n/60. February 07| SiemReap paid $35,0D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 00 by cheque for purchases made in January 2007. | February 09| SiemReap sold a few refrigerator for $100,000 on the following terms 3/10, n/45. | February 11| The owner of SiemReap issued a cheque of $8,000 to himself for personal use. | February 14| SiemReap fully settled the purchase made on February 05, 2007| February 18| SiemReap received a cheque of $97,000 from its customer for sales made on February 09, 2007. | February 26| SiemReap paid $6,000 by cheque to a television broadcasting company for advertisement to be aired on 15 March 2007. February 28| SiemReap paid $7,000 to its employee for February 2007 salary. | (Ignore Goods Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the February 2007 transactions. NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED (b)Prepare a trial balance as at 28 February 2007. Sem 3, 2006 Question 3 Karon is a trading business. It buys goods in bulk and retails them in small quantity. The following is an extract of Karon’s ledger balances as at 30 September 2006. Karon uses the periodic inventory system. Karon : Ledger balances as at 30 September 2006. | | Accounts receivables| $50 000| Accounts payables| 70 000| Motor vehicles| 60 000| Accumulated depreciation of motor vehicles| 20 000| Wages and salaries payable| 8 000| Cash at bank (DR)| 35 000| Capital| 72 000| Inventory| 25 000| | $340 000| In October 2006, the following events took place. 2006| | Oct 02| Karon issued a cD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 heque $8000 to pay the salary for September 2006| | | Oct 06| Sold some inventory for $60 000 on the following terms 5/10, n/60| | | Oct 09| Karon collected a $10 000 cheque from its customer for sales made in the previous month. | | | Oct 12| Karon bought some inventory for $100 000 on the following terms 3/5, n/60| | | Oct 14| Karon issued a cheque to fully settle for the purchase made on October 12| | | Oct 15| Karon received a cheque from its customer for the sales made on October 06| | | Oct 19| Karon bought a new computer for business use. It paid by cheque $5000| | | Oct 23| The owner withdrew $6,000 for family use| | | Oct 31| Paid its workers $4,000 for the work done in October 2006| (IGNORE GOODS SERVICES TAX) REQUIRED: (a)Show ALL the ledger accounts (T-account) and post the October transactions (No journal entry is required) (b)Prepare a trial balance as at 31 October 2006. Sem 2, 2006 Question 2 (30 marks) Ubud started its business operation on 1 May 2006. It uses the periodic inventory system. An extract of its Ledger balances as at 31 May 2006 is as follows: Ubud: Ledger balances as at 31 May 2006| Cash at bank (DR)| $ 78,000| Capital| 90,000| Rental expense| 5,000| Sales| 70,000| Accounts receivable| 40,000| Accounts payable| 35,000| Purchases| 60,000| Wages and salaries expense| 2,000| Utilities expense| 3,000| Office equipment| 7,000| | 390,000| In June 2006, the following events took place. All payments and receipts were through the cash at bank account. June 2| Ubud sold some inventory for $12,000 cash. | June 5| Ubud issued a cheque of $9,000 to its supplier for purchases made in May 2006D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 .| June 7| Bought some inventory for $60,000 on the following terms 5/10, n/60. | June 9| Issued a cheque of $38,000 for purchase of a motor vehicle for business use. | June 9| Paid $3,000 for the motor vehicle insurance policy, coverage from June 9, 2006 to June 9, 2007. | June 16| Ubud issued a cheque to fully settle purchase made on June 7, 2006. | June 19| Sold some inventory for $100,000 on the following terms 2/10, n/60. | June 28| Ubud received a cheque from a customer for sales made on June 19. June 30| Paid its workers $2,000 for the work done in June 2006. | REQUIRED: (a)Show all the ledger accounts (T-account) brought down from May 2006 and then post the June 2006 transactions. (No journal entry is required) (b)Prepare a trial balance of Ubud as at 30 June 2006. Sem 1, 2006 Question 2 PWC is a trading business. The merchandise business has been in operation for a numb er of months. The following balances were extracted from the Accounting Records of the business as at 31 May 2005. | $| | Cash at bank | 27,000| (DR)| Premises rent expense| 6,000| | Office equipment| 5,000| | Motor vehicles| 26,000| | Purchases| 42,000| | Accounts payable| 20,000| | Sales| 86,000| | Accounts receivable| 24,000| | Prepaid insurance| 3,000| | Salary expense| 6,000| | Telephone and electricity expense| 4,000| | Capital| 37,000| | | 286,000| | The business continued its operation in June 2005. The following events took place in June 2005. (The business has chosen to apply the Periodic Inventory System and will continue to use it in the future. ) All payments and receipts were through its bank account. June 02| PWC paid $8,000 by cheque for the purchases made in May 2005. June 03| PWC received $12,000 from its customers for sales made in May 2005. | June 08| Sold inventory, $18,000, on the following terms 5/10, n/30| June 12| Bought $1,000 worth of pencils, pens, paper etc for office use. It was paid by cheque. D2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 | June 16| Bought inventory, $16,000, on the following terms 3/15, n/30| June 18| PWC issued a $8,000 cheque for the purchase made in May 2005. Th e supplier gave PWC $1,000 discount for early settlement of account. | | | June 20| The owner of PWC bought a computer, $2,000, for his son’s personal use. He issued a cheque of $1,000 using PWC’s bank account. His wife paid $1,000 from her personal savings account. | | | June 29| PWC paid $2,000 for Telephone and Electricity used in June 2005. | | | June 29| PWC paid $3,000 to its workers for the work done in June 2005. | (Ignore Goods and Services Tax) REQUIRED: (a) Show all the Accounting Entries in the Ledger Accounts (T-accounts) and post the above transactions (NO JOURNAL ENTRY IS REQUIRED) (b) Extract a Trial Balance of the business as at 30 June 2005 after the posting of the above transactions in (a). Sem 3,2007 Question 1 Kaloonkan is a trading business. Its financial year end is 31 October each year. An extract of Kaloonkan’s ledger accounts is shown below. Trial balance as at 31 October 2007 | DR $’000| CR $’000| Advertising expenseMachineriesAccounts receivablesLand, at costBuilding, at costCash at bankDiscount allowedDrawingsRepair expenseDiscount receivedCapitalBank Loan, due on 1. 1. 2011Accounts payablesService RevenuePrepaid insuranceUtilities expenseOffice suppliesInteresD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 t expenseBuilding maintenance expenseSundry operatng expenseSalaries and wages expensesOffice equipmentManagement consultancy expense| 271,160340226300401430132011124257515140520 10| 107444361001,800| Other data included: i) The prepaid insurance is valid for a twenty-month period, starting from 01 November 2006. (ii) Supplies worth $20,000 have been used during the year (iii) The utilities consumed in October 2007 was $11,000. No payment has been made and no entry has been made. (iv) Out of the service revnue, $100,000 is yet to be earned REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement of Kaloonkan for the year ended 31 October 2007. (b)Prepare a Statement of Owner’s equity for the year ended 31 October 2007. (c)Prepare a Balance Sheet as at 31 October 2007. Sem 2, 2007 Question 1 Clarke Angeles is a sole proprietorship business. Its financial year end is 30 June each year. Below is a trial balance of Clarke Angeles as at 30 June 2007. All in thousand. | DR $’000| CR $’000| Advertisement expenseWages and salaries expenseMotor vehicle expensePrepaid insuranceSundry operating expensesDiscount allowedDelivery chargesAccounts receivableCash at bankDrawingsMotor vehicles, at costLandBuildingInterest expenseAccomodation expenseOffice EquipmentElectricity and Telephone expensesPremises rental revenueDiscount receivedAccounts payableConsultationD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 FeesCapitalCommision RevenueNotes payable, due 29 June 2007| 168018242019138018208010040062341849| 38257076840033 50| (Ignore Goods Services Tax) Other data given: (i) The owner withdrew $4,000 cash on 28 June 2007. No entry has been made. (ii) Clarke Angeles advertised its products over the local radio station on 27 June 2007. It costs the business $5,000. It has not yet paid and no entry has been made at all for this advertisement. (iii) The prepaid insurance is valid from 01 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. (iv) Rental of $4,000 is yet to be received REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement of Clarke Angeles for the year ended 30 June 2007, and (b)A statement of Owner’s Equity for the year and a detailed Balance Sheet as at 30 June 2007. Sem 1, 2007 Question 1 Angkor is a trading business. It prepares its financial statements once a year. Its financial year end is 31 January. An extract of its ledger accounts is shown below. Trial balance as at 31 January 2007| | DR $’000| CR $’000| Management fee expense| 72| | Prepaid advertisement| 20| | Wages and salaries expense| 222| | Accomodation charges| 22| | Drawings| 20| | Discount allowD2 ACC 100 D2 ACC 100 ed| 33| | Cash at bank| 40| | Land, at cost| 200| | Building, at cost| 300| | Accounts receivable| 380| | Vehicle| 1,030| | Prepaid insurance| 24| | Utilities expense| 60| | Secretarial fee expense| 50| | Interest expense| 30| | Motor vehicle, at cost| 260| | Beginning inventory, 01 February 2006| 240| | Sundry expense| 18| | Service Fee| | 1,650| Accounts payable| | 170| Loan| | 300| Capital, 1. 2. 2006| | 873| Discount received| _____| 28| Other data given: i) The prepaid insurance was valid for the period 1 February 2006 to 31 January 2007. (ii) The utilities used in January 2007 were $5,000. No entry has been made. (iii) The prepaid advertisement is for 4 days, between 30 January 2007 to 2 February 2007. It was paid for advertising its products in the local newspaper. (iv) 10% of service fee is yet to be earned REQUIRED: (a)Prepare a detailed Income Statement (Profit and Loss) for the year ended 31 Ja nuary 2007. (b)Prepare a Statement of Owner’s Equity for the year ended 31 January 2007. (c)Prepare a Balance Sheet Statement as at 31 January 2007. How to cite Financial Accounting Mid Semester Exam, Essay examples

Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid free essay sample

South Africa was colonized by the English and the Dutch in the seventeenth century. The domination by the English resulted in the Dutch establishing new colonies. The two colonies were called Orange Free State and Transvaal. Soon after the Dutch discovered that the land had an abundance of diamonds. Once the English found out, they invaded the colonies which sparked the beginning of the Boer War. After the war ended and the Dutch gained independence, the National Afrikaner Party gained power. From there, the National Party came up with the apartheid. The apartheid was intended to cement their control over the economic and social system. It was also intended to keep white domination while extending racial separation. Even though it was a violation of international law, the South African government passed laws that created â€Å"grand apartheid†. The first apartheid laws were passed in 1948. These race laws touched every aspect of social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The laws included, no marriage between non- whites and whites and they even sanctioned white only jobs. In 1951, a law was passed making it a criminal offence for a black person to work in any urban areas. The ratio of earnings for blacks and whites was one to 14. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that South Africa be racially classified into three categories: white, black, and colored (mixed decent). In 1951, The Bantu Authorities Act required that blacks were assigned to homelands. All their rights were restricted to each specific homeland, even voting. In 1951, the Separation Representation of Voters Act led to the removal of colored from the common voter’s poll. They were no longer citizens of South Africa. From 1976 to 1981, four homelands were made, denationalizing nine million South Africans. Africans living in homelands needed passports to enter South Africa, they were aliens in their own country. The land allocation for blacks was thirteen percent and eighty- seven percent for whites. In 1953, the Bantu Education Act was passed. Instead of being taught the regular curriculum, they were taught information that suited the â€Å"nature and requirements of the black people†. They received education that provided them with skills to serve or to work in laboring jobs under whites. During the apartheid the estimated cost spent on education per student for blacks was forty- five dollars. The estimate for whites per student was six hundred and ninety- six dollars. The teacher to pupil ratio for blacks was one to sixty. The teacher to student ratio for whites was one to twenty-two. The penalties imposed on protests, violent or non- violent, were extremely serious. Anyone could be put in jail with no hearing by any level police official for up to six months. Thousands of African died in custody, usually after extremes of torture. Some who were tried were either banished or sentenced to death. Most were sentenced to life in prison, like Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela was a dominant figure in the South African liberation movement. All of Mandela’s protests were in the form of passive resistance. He worked with the African National Council (ANC) in an attempt to stop the apartheid efforts. In one protest, Mandel a publicly burnt his pass book. All blacks were required to carry â€Å"pass books† consisting of fingerprints, photo and information when in non-black areas. If you were caught without your pass book you would be arrested and put in jail for a minimum of thirty days. Mandela was tried for treason and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964. He spent twenty- seven years in prison but he never gave up. He continued his teachings while in prison while Robben Island. Mandela’s anti- apartheid messages were heard in South Africa and throughout the world. He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom. Of course Mandela did not act alone while protesting, but his voice held power and eventually the battle was eventually won. After he was released from prison in 1990 Nelson became president of South Africa. He is no longer president now, but his voice is still highly respected and heard everywhere.

Nursing Care Plan for Pyelonephritis Essay Example

Nursing Care Plan for Pyelonephritis Paper Cues Nursing diagnosis Nursing objective Planning Nursing intervention Rationale Subjective Cues: â€Å"Nahihirapa n akong umihi,, madalas sya pero pakonti konti lang  » as verbalized by the client. Objective Cues: ? Distended abdomen ? Frequency ? Hesitancy T-38. 3 P-105Bpm R-24 bpm BP-130/90 mmHg Impaired Urinary Elimination r/t Inflammatio n of bladder mucosa As evidence by the objective cues. __________ _ Scientific Explanation : Disturbance in urine elimination. After 8 hrs of nursing interventio n the client will be able to portray and verbalize improve urinary elimination pattern. Plan of care to meet the desired outcome for the client. ?Make a teaching plan appropriate for the clients condition. ?. Determine clients previous pattern of elimination and compare with current situation. Note reports of frequency, urgency, burning, incontinence, nocturia, enuresis. ?Palpate bladder ? Determine clients usual daily fluid intake(both amount, beverage choice and use of caffeine), n ote conditions of skin, mucus membrane and color of urine. ?Encourage fluid intake up to 3000- 4000 ml per day including cranberry juice. Instruct the client to void every 2-3 hours during the day and completely empty the bladder. ?To assess degree of interference or disability. ?To assess retention ? To determine level of hydration. ?To help maintain renal function, prevent infection and formation of urinary stones ? This prevents over distention of the bladder and compromised blood supply to the bladder wall. †¢ Evaluation †¢ After 8 hrs of nursing intervention the client was able to portray and verbalize improved urinary elimination pattern. C u e s Nur sing diag nosi s Nu rsi ng obj ect ive Pla nni ng Nursing intervention Rationale E v al u a ti o n ?Instruct the client to keep the perineal area clean and dry. ?Teach the client how to do kegel exercise and its importance. ?Teach clients to avoid intake of caffeine, alcohol, colas, and artificial sweeteners. ?Provide privacy for the client upon voiding. ?Provide sensory stimuli that may help the client relax. Pour warm water over the perineum of a female or have the client sit in a warm bath. U can also apply a hot water bottle to the lower abdomen. Turn on running water within the hearing distance of the client to stimulate the voiding reflex. ?. To reduce the risk for further skin infection and skin breakdown ? To strengthen the perineal muscle. ?These are bladder irritants that may increase incontinence. ?Many people cannot void in the presence of another person. ?These promote muscle relaxation. ?Helps facilitate easier voiding. Cues Nursing diagnosis Nursing objective Planning Nursing intervent ion Rationale Subjective: â€Å"Nung nkraang lingo pa masakit ang tagiliran ko† as verbalized by the client. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care Plan for Pyelonephritis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care Plan for Pyelonephritis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care Plan for Pyelonephritis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Objective: ? Very severe painClient rate her pain as 8 from the range of 110(Having the rate of 10 as the most painful and 1 as the least painful) ? Guarding behavior ? Facial mask of pain ? Diaphoresis T-38. 3 P-105 Bpm R-24 bpm BP-130/90 mmHg Acute pain r/t Acute inflammation of renal tissues as evidenced by verbal reports of pain,guarding behavior and diaphoresis. _______________ Scientific Explanation Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage. It is a sudden onset of any intensity from mild to severe with duration of less than 6 months. After 4 hrs of nursing intervent ion the client will be able to verbalize relief of pain from the rate of 8 to at least less than the rate of 4. ?Plan techniques in which the clients level of pain will be alleviated primarily by using of independent nursing interventions. ?Plan with the significant others to cooperate in the pain management program for the client. ?Gather materials that can be helpful in pain management. Perform a comprehensive assessment of pain to include location, characteristics, onset, duration, frequency, quality and severity as well as the precipitating factors ? Encourage patient to verbalize concerns. Actively listen to these concerns and provide support by acceptance, remaining with patient and giving appropriate information. ?Promote quiet environment. ?Identify all stressors and remove it if possible. ?To establish baseline data that will be useful in monitoring improvement in clients’ level of pain. ?Reduction of anxiety or fear that can promote relaxation and comfort. Comfort and quiet environment promote relaxed feeling and permit the client to focus on the relaxation techniques rather than external distraction. ?To be able to lessen factors that could be an aggravating cause in clients’ pain. †¢ Evaluation: After 4 hrs of nursing intervention the client was able to verbalize relief of pain from the rate of 8 to the rate of 3. Cues Nurs ing diag nosis Nurs ing obje ctive Plan ning Nursing intervention Rationale Ev al ua tio n ?Encourage practice of diversional activities(watching TV, listening to music, reading magazines) ? Instruct comfort measures such as back rubbing and deep breathing exercise. ?Encourage adequate rest periods. ?To help client shift her focus of attention to other things. ?To reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation. ?To prevent fatigue and prevent further stimulation of pain. Dependent Nursing Management: ? Administer analgesics as prescribed. ?For immediate pain relief . DISCHARGE PLAN †¢ †¢ †¢ MEDICATION -Strict compliance to medication regimen -Antibiotics for 7 days (Ceftriaxone 10 mg) EXERCISE/ENVIRONMENT -instruct the client on ways hoe to maintain the cleanliness of her environment. TREATMENT -practice kegel exercise HEALTH TEACHING -Keep the genital area clean by wiping from front to back, it helps reduce the chance of introducing bacteria from the rectal area to the urethra. -Drink more fluid 64-128 ounces. This encourage frequent urination and flushes bacteria from the bladder. -Encourage proper food handling preparation. -Do handwashing before and after urinate. -Do not delay urination when it is necessary OUT PATIENT FOLLOW UP CARE -Instruct the patient to seek or return upon experience if any sign and symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, painful urination. †¢ †¢

Frozen; Music Video Review Professor Ramos Blog

Frozen; Music Video Review final essay ramos

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone

The Fundamentals of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Near the equator, from about 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south, the northeast trade winds and southeast trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Solar heating in the region forces air to rise through convection which results in the accumulation of large thunderstorms  and plethora of  precipitation, spreading rain around the Equator year-round; as a result of this, combined with its  central location on the globe, the ITCZ is a key component of the global air and water circulation system. The location of the ITCZ changes throughout the year, and how  far from the equator it gets is largely determined by the land or ocean temperatures underneath these currents of air and moisture- otter oceans yield less volatile change while varying lands cause varying degrees in the ITCZs location. The Intertropical Convergence Zone has been called the doldrums by sailors due to the lack of horizontal air movement (the air rises with convection), and its also known as the Equatorial Convergence Zone or Intertropical Front. The ITCZ Doesn't Have a Dry Season Weather stations in the equatorial region record precipitation up to 200 days each year, making the equatorial and ITC zones the wettest on the planet. Additionally, the equatorial region lacks a dry season and is constantly hot and humid, resulting in large thunderstorms formed from the convectional flow of air and moisture. The precipitation in the ITCZ over land has whats known as a  diurnal cycle  where clouds form in the late morning and early afternoon hours and by the hottest time of the day at 3 or 4 p.m., convectional  thunderstorms form and precipitation begins, but over the ocean, these clouds typically form overnight to produce early morning rainstorms. These storms are generally brief, but they make flying quite difficult, especially over land where clouds can accumulate at altitudes up to 55,000 feet. Most commercial airlines avoid the ITCZ while traveling across continents for this reason, and while the ITCZ over the ocean is usually calmer during the day and night and only active in the morning, many boats have been lost at sea from a sudden storm there. The Location Changes Throughout the Year While the ITCZ remains near the equator for most of the year, can vary in as much as 40 to 45 degrees of latitude north or south of the equator based on the pattern of land and ocean beneath it. The ITCZ over land ventures farther north or south than the ITCZ over the oceans, this is due to the variations in land and water temperatures. The zone mostly stays close to the Equator over water. It varies throughout the year over land. In Africa in July and August, for instance, the ITCZ is located just south of the Sahel desert at about 20 degrees north of the Equator, but the ITCZ over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is usually only 5 to 15 degrees North; meanwhile, over Asia, the ITCZ can go as far as 30 degrees North.

Substance Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Substance Abuse - Essay Example The reach of substance abuse also extends to schools, communities, health and welfare agencies, the justice systems and to society at large. We all shoulder the costs (Beverly Conyers, 2003). Children of substance abusers suffer the most, from direct effects on their physical and mental health to influences on their own use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs. The family's role in the development and results of substance abuse is unique: it suffers some of the direst consequences and holds the potential of the most powerful protective influences against it. A focus on families is critical to understanding and preventing the destructive intergenerational cycle of substance abuse and addiction. Alcoholism and drug abuse often are referred to as family diseases because the serious negative consequences of addiction and the importance of recovery affect not only the substance abuser but also all members of the family. There are certain reasons as to why people start substance abuse (Pauline G. Boss, 2001). Parents and family members can have an enormous positive impact on children's substance-use decisions and behavior. No protection is absolute, but parents hold the greatest number of tools and have the greatest opportunity to shape children's choices when it comes to trying and continuing to use cigarettes, alcohol and drugs. People are spending more years unmarried. ... Increase in divorce The recent trend shows that the number of divorce have increased over time. Parental divorce can have an important impact on a child's risk for substance use. For example, teens with divorced parents are 50 percent likelier to drink alcohol than teens with married parents. Increase in single parent families Children who grow up in two-parent homes are at lower risk for any kind of drug abuse than children who grow up in single parent homes. Families today are equally likely or more likely to be comprised of childless couples with two careers, single parent families or cohabiting couples with children than they are of the 'typical' family of years past. Increase in Economic disadvantage The financial condition of a family can lead a person to substance abuse. The increase in single-parent families has served to broaden the economic inequality across households, often with single-mothers comprising the poorer end of this spectrum. However its still not clear that the relationship between substance abuse and economic condition is very strong. To fit in a group of friends Children or teens when moving around places and cities due to the professional life of a parent or due to any other reason, make new friends everywhere. The new friends might be doing substance abuse hence to fit in with them the children have to be like them that is to do substance abuse otherwise they are not included in the group. Peer pressure Peer pressure is a major reason for children doing substance abuse. The peers call children names and tease them about not doing substance abuse. The children usually don't like being called names and being teased by others. Hence to prove the others

Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we Essay

Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we have studied, critically assess which you would most like - Essay Example Later on, the Judicature Act of 1873 was passed and the Criminal Appeal Act of 1907. Due process model According to Sanders, Young and Burton the English criminal system just like the American one, emphasizes on adversarial procedures and due process safeguards. The relevance of the due process in the English law is advised by the fact witnesses could be biased or the police force may interfere with the whole process. By insisting on a formal adjudicative process, the accused are able to get justice and beside, the entire process prevents the miscarriage of justice as an end to itself. In addition the due process discourages the law enforcement agencies from abusing power and breaking rules, while encouraging the primacy of the individual citizen. The role of the police in the criminal justice system is very constrained. As Wells and Quick (2010) observe in Wales and England, police can go as far taking an inquisitorial role but cannot force citizens to produce testimony against thei r will. The due process starts once an adversarial relationship has been formed or after becomes a suspect. In all fairness once can see that the role of the police is very limited in English and Wales criminal system. ... k (2010) the due process model as practiced in England and Wales, involves the use of procedural and evidentiary rules in order to avoid to prevent miscarriages of justice to the accused. Wells and Quick (2010) liken the due process model to an assembly line or an obstacle course designed to prevent the accused from progressing through the criminal process. The need for incorporation of the due process in the English and Wales criminal system is characterized by the elements of miscarriage of justice and observance of human rights. Another core element of the system is presumption of innocence doctrine, which is prescribed to by many other judicial systems all over the world. Presumption of innocence doctrine This is a core tenet in the criminal justice system, and is equally appreciated in the European Convention on Human Rights. The presumption of the innocence doctrine further suggests that the onus lies on the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable do ubt. According to Wells and Quick (2010) by forcing the prosecution to prove its case against the accused in an adjudicative context, the accused acquires an enhanced opportunity to secure a favourable outcome. Shift from the due process system to the control system However, in the face of the increasing terrorist activities, and transnational crimes, the English government is under increasing pressure to adopt the crime control approach. At the same time, the English system is under pressure to initiate an appropriate legal framework to support the law enforcement agencies to control the levels of crime being experienced. The crime control model as suggested by Sanders, Young and Burton (2010) is based on the proposition that the repression of the criminal conduct is the main role of the

The action of enzymes Essay Example for Free

The action of enzymes Essay Enzymes are proteins that are chemicals that dissolve and break down food. They help speed up the rate of which food can be digested in our bodies. Without enzymes food will take forever to digest, but as they are highly specific catalysts that mean that they can break larger molecules faster then if they were not there at all. Although enzymes are very useful to our bodies they can become useless in extreme conditions as they become denatured, and lose the intricate structure so that they can no longer break down any substrates. Enzymes being catalysts mean that they dont get used up in the reaction and so can continue to break down any substrates. Enzymes break down substrates by using the lock and key theory. The lock and key theory is a simple way of describing how specific an enzyme is for a substrate. Just like a lock requires a specifically shaped key for it work so does an enzyme. Each enzyme has an active site, which is where the enzyme can bind to the substrate on which it can perform some chemical reaction. Because each enzyme performs a specific task on a substrate the active center of the enzyme can be considered to be the lock which requires a specific key or substrate to the function of breaking it down. Aim: To investigate how temperature can effect the rate of reaction between an enzyme and a substrate. Theory: My initial theory is that as the temperature reaches a certain level (optimum temperature) the rate of reaction will increase. As the enzyme reaches its optimum level the rate of reaction will increase causing there to be less trypsin present. The purpose of a catalyst is to make a reaction work without getting used up in the process. If there is no catalyst then any substrates such as glucose or sucrose can ever be digested. Prediction: My prediction is that as the temperature reaches roughly 40i c that the reaction rate will become quicker. I am saying this because the optimum level of the enzyme is roughly 40i c, anything above 45i c and the enzyme will start to denature and not work properly causing the rate of reaction to decrease. Also if the temperature is below 40i c then the enzyme will work too slow due to temperature. I also think that the rate of reaction will increase because of the collision theory. The collision theory is based on the fact that when the temperature reaches 40i c (optimum level) the Enzymes and substrates will be moving faster meaning that there will be more successful chemical reactions between them. More successful chemical reactions happen because there is enough energy in the chemical reaction to break bonds. This means that there will be more substrates to break down per second, which means there will be more successful substrates being broken down per second, so the rate of reaction will increase. I also predict that the rate of reaction will double after every 10i c. the reason that I predict this is because of the Q10 theory. I also predict that the doubling will stop at roughly 40i c. By using the Q10 theory it means that we are able to predict the results that we are going to get up to and including 40i c. As is clear from the graph below that the optimum level of an enzyme is roughly 40i c Preliminary Experiment: Temperature of test tube (i c) Time taken to turn into negative (s) Repeat. It took on the first repeat 150 seconds for the starch to turn into a negative at a temperature of 30i c. Then on the second repeat it took 300 seconds for the starch to turn into a negative at a temperature of 30i c. After we saw the difference of the readings we decided to write down the results in intervals of 10 seconds, rather than 30 seconds so as to make sure that our results are more accurate. Method:   Collect test tubes.   Collect enzyme trypsin.   Collect a syringe and milk. Collect tripod, Bunsen burner and heat proof mat.   Collect a stopwatch and thermometer.   Mark a dot on a piece of paper and put it under the test tube. Lower the test tube in the water at the temperature desired. Start the stopwatch when the trypsin and casein are in the test tube and at the right temperature. Stop the stopwatch when the solution goes clear and the dot is clearly visible.   Record the time it took in seconds for the solution to go clear.   Record the results gotten, into a table.   After recording the results repeat the experiment.   As I am taking readings from 0-70i c in steps of 10i c there will be 21 readings including the repeats and also another three readings for my controlled experiment including the repeats. The Clarity of the test tube will be determined by eye, due to lack of equipment. The stopwatch shall be stopped once the solution has reached its optimum clarity, this could be proved difficult due to the fact that the clarity of the test tube varies as you go up it. This means that our results may have some anomalies occurring in them, these anomalies may be caused by human error or other occurrences with in the experiment like the temperature not remaining constant. This means that our results may not be very accurate. Variables:   Temperature of solution. Constants:   Volume of solution. We will be keeping the same apparatus so as to keep it a fair test.   The pH of the test tube will be kept the same so as to make it a fair test. The concentration of both the substrate and enzyme will be kept the same.   The fact that we will not shake or stir the test-tube will be kept constant as this would make our results unreliable. Fair Test: The reason why we have a fair test is so to make the results as accurate as possible. The ways in which we shall keep it a fair test is to have 3 repetitions of each temperature. Also I shall clean out the apparatus used like the test tube and syringes so as to make sure that out results are not affected through contamination. Factor of rate of reaction: The factor that I have chosen to affect the rate of reaction of my experiment will be temperature. The reason for this is that it seems that there is less chance of human error making my results inaccurate. Safety During this experiment certain precautions must be made as we are dealing with water in excess of 70i C. The precautions taken were to wear safety goggles, so that our eyes can not get harmed or damaged as a result of a spillage.

Leadership And Management Essay -- Business Management

Leadership and Management Leadership and Management are two very important positions to have for anyone in an organization. Both of these positions come with a great deal of responsibilities; however, they both serve two different purposes and responsibilities in an organization, along with a different sent of guidelines. This paper will differentiate between Leadership and Management, give two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture and give two examples to support the recommendations. Discussion Leadership is a wonderful quality for anyone to have because not everyone possesses leadership qualities and skills; however, a person can learn to have leadership qualities if he or she has the desire. A good leader has many excellent qualities such as; a leader has followers, knows how to encourage the workers, can get results by implementing strategies, can create a vision for the company, and communicates the vision clearly. These are not the only qualities a leader must have but they are some of the most important qualities a person must have in order to be successful in a leadership position. "Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things." Druker, Peter F. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http://www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html. Another excellent quote about leadership is "The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint to keep from meddling with them while the y do it." Roosevelt, Theodore. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http://www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html. Management is a very important position as well. Management takes a great deal of ski... ...he daycare center was forced by state regulations to close the doors immediately because of many code violations found on numerous occasions. Monitoring is very crucial in all aspects of business because of the state and legal guidelines, which by ignoring these will result in a company failing completely. Conclusion There is a difference between management and leadership but that does not mean that one is less important than the other. However, it takes an excellent leader and manager to be able to fulfill the Leadership and Management role successfully for the benefit of the company and his or her people in all aspects of the business fields. Therefore, every company, big or small, must have people whom they can depend on, whole heartedly, who can fulfill the Leadership and Management positions without worrying about negative outcomes or costly legal issues.

Sweeney Among the Nightingales

Leonardo Rubio English 12 Period 6 1/2/11 Sweeney Among the Nightingales This essay is written as a reader response to the poem written by T. S. Eliot, Sweeney Among the Nightingales. Unlike many other poems of his time, T. S. Eliot’s intention was to portray man as vulgar or mundane and having a pessimistic or cynical attitude. T. S. Eliot may have had a different view of life and people than other poets. He may not have viewed man as heroic or romantic, but more crude and reprehensible. It is difficult to say exactly what T. S. Eliot was trying to convey or express through his poetry, because he wrote many inferences, which left a lot of his writing open to interpretation. He may have written much of his work as an outlet to his political or social views. The narrator presents this poem in third person. He sounds objective in reporting what he sees, but the language is somewhat difficult. This poem needs to be read several times and requires a lot of thought and some imagination. After reading this poem many times, it gets more understandable, but some parts remain difficult to understand. Some of the difficulty in understanding the poem may come from the referencing of other literary characters. Some of the other characters mentioned are from other great literary works, but are not familiar. This made it necessary to look up these characters and learn what the comparison is. The writer does a good job in showing or describing the character, but does not do a good job in describing the setting. The writer brings the character to life, by comparing him to animals like an ape, zebra, and a giraffe. He is also compared him to another literary character. From what is written, it sounds like the setting can be either a restaurant or a brothel. It makes more sense if it were a brothel, because one of the females goes to sit on Sweeney’s lap as he is sitting at a table, but she falls to the floor. You are left to assume she might have fallen because she was drunk. It also makes the reader think that the character, Sweeney is distrustful of the females involved. Therefore, it makes more sense to assume that it was set in a brothel or a place similar to it. In my opinion, the narrator or writer of this poem made it difficult to understand. I consider myself simple and describe things in simpler terms. My view is also more optimistic and I like to consider myself more romantic than this writer. It would be difficult to write a poem about prostitution or something similar. It would seem easier to write about love, life and family. I also find it difficult to make so many comparisons, especially to other characters who I do not know. It would be difficult to step into this narrator’s situation and give the poem the meaning and emphasis he is trying to convey. He may have had a difficult past or some kind of difficult situation in his life, which would cause him to write in this dark or negative manner. Because I am only 17 years of age and have not had many bad experiences, my writings would probably be more positive. I have not needed to overcome great challenges or difficult struggles in my life, therefore I would not have grim or dark things to write about. The poem, Sweeney among the Nightingales, by T. S. Eliot can be viewed as a social commentary. T. S. Eliot’s writings are considered dark and somewhat negative, but they are his opinions. T. S. Eliot describes the character in the poem, but he may be using this to describe men in general. This poem compares the character to animals, which makes him appear crude and indecent. It also portrays him as distrusting, which makes him appear paranoid. This may have been the way to do social commentaries without being very offensive to anyone in particular. This also may have been the proper forum to do social commentaries in this time period. This poem has several characters that are important to the story or meaning. The first and most important character is Sweeney. He appears to be the main character. He is compared to animals by the writer. The comparison to animals can make the character appear more barbaric or vulgar. This can also make him look somewhat of a bad person. The writer appears to make Sweeney look vulgar when he places him in what appears to be a brothel. Sweeney is also made to look as if he is paranoid. Sometimes paranoia or guilt is caused by past traumas. Sweeney’s character or personality is made to look distrustful, bad and vulgar. This could have been how the writer envisioned men in general. There are two females also in the poem. The two females appear to be in a brothel, so they may be thought of as prostitutes or whores. The reason one may think that they are prostitutes is because one of the females tries to sit on Sweeney’s lap right in the beginning. She also fell and Sweeney did not help her. It also appears that they did not know each other. The two females are made to look as if they are plotting against Sweeny. This makes the two females appear as if they cannot be trusted. There are other characters in this poem. They appear to have more of a silent role. The poem talks about other figures, but does not name them. It is somewhat difficult to understand if some of the other figures are other men or if they are referring to Sweeney. There is for sure a waiter in the poem. He appears to be an innocent bystander. He is just mentioned when he brings out food to the table. He does not appear to be important or necessary to the meaning of the poem. This poem leaves out important details that the reader must just infer or assume. The first important detail is the setting. The setting is either a restaurant or a brothel because there is a waiter. We can assume it is a brothel because one of the females goes to sit on Sweeney’s lap. He does not trust the two females and ends up leaving the place. Another detail mentioned in the poem is when the nightingales are singing near. This is in reference to another literary work that mentions nightingales singing. This means when there are others talking about illicit things that are going on or the telling of promiscuous behavior. It is also assumed that T. S. Eliot is anti-semitic, because of how he portrays Rachel Nee Rabinovich as somewhat vulgar and unflattering. She is referred to having â€Å"murderous paws†. She is also one of the two females that appear to be plotting against Sweeney. Some writers may use ways of writing where they leave it open to the readers interpretation. They leave it up to the reader to assume what is being said. This can be a very effective way to write, because their poem can have several meanings. Most people have different opinions and not everyone thinks alike. The poem can have different meanings to different people. The writer can also put out his opinions or social commentaries, but in a less offensive manner, because it is left open to interpretation. My experience or background with poems is not very extensive. I have little experience in reading poems and much less experience in writing them. The ones I have read are not like this one. The poems I have had experience with are more modern or what could be considered as romantic. My minimal background in poetry influenced me to think this poem is a bit weird or unconventional. It was very difficult to understand because of the vocabulary and distinct phrases. It also referenced other literary work that I was not very familiar with. The use of inferences also made it difficult, because certain things were left open to interpretation. The poems I have dealt with were not as complex. I prefer or am more accustomed to poems that rhyme or simple poems like roses are red, violets are blue, I’m going crazy and it’s all because of you. I also like poems that are more clear or understandable. Poems should flow and be easy to read and understand, if not then I lose interest. Sweeney Among the Nightingales, was difficult to understand and did not flow easily. It takes some imagination and love of poetry to enjoy this type of poem. After reading Sweeney Among the Nightingales, by T. S. Eliot, I found it somewhat difficult to understand. It may be a great literary piece of work and be written by a great writer, but I was not very impressed. It was necessary to read it several times to grasp some understanding. It was also necessary to look up the meaning of several words. This poem also made many comparisons, which were difficult to understand. There were also many inferences that left room for assumptions. This is difficult for someone of my age, who does not have much experience or world knowledge. This poem appears to have been written as a social commentary of its era. There is a possibility that T. S. Eliot may have had bad experiences in his life, and was using his writing as a way to bring out his point of view. This too is also an inference, because that information is not known. One would think positive or romantic things are written about happiness and love and negative or dark things are written about negative experiences or traumas. Michael Cummings, (2009). â€Å"Sweeney among the Nightingales†. Cummings study guide website, retrieved from: http://www. cummingsstudyguides. net/Guides6/Sweeney. html Poetry Foundation website, (2011). â€Å"Sweeney among the Nightingales†. http://www. poetryfoundation. org/poem/236780

Humanities Commerce: Types of Business – Case Study: Salty Fish Finds Sweet Success

Thailand is one of the world's leading countries in producing rice. The Thai public, especially the poor eat rice with salty fish, a delicacy. They find this dish cost and taste efficient. This simple dish has turned into a multi-million baht business. Many marine firms have turned their eyes on this field and have started producing salty fish. Although it is hard to be successful and create a market with some risk involved, P.N. Marine owned by Mrs Nusara Thawornthawewong is an example of successful firm in this operating environment. This essay will study and explore, a) the origin of P.N. Marine, b) the development of the firm, c) how it was affected by the government, d) the positive and negative effect of the business on the local community and economy, e) the firm's negative impact on the local environment. These concepts will be assisted by a number of business terms and concepts. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System An efficient firm can only be set up if the owner has enough land, labor, capital and entrepreneur-ship skills. But along with these four factors of production, motivation and inspiration towards the business is also essential. Mrs. Nusara had all the factors of production. She had enough money (invested 12 baht which was lots 30 years back), had land (her house would be her factory), had labor/partner (her mother helped her) and also she had entrepreneur-ship skills (experience from working at a salty fish making plant). Mrs. Nusara Thawornthawewong had motivation to her business too. The article states that, â€Å"†¦more concerned about earning money to help her parents and siblings.† Her motivation was there. Her background and situations were her motivators. She wanted to help her parents and siblings (brothers and sisters) financially. Mrs. Nusara has been involved in her business for around three decades and in these three decades her firm has developed quite a lot. In Figure one, this development can be easily seen. This data has been analyzed and concluded from the ‘Salty Fish finds sweet success' news article. We can also conclude from the figure that in last 10 years, the development of the firm was sophisticated and fast. P.S. Note that the timeline has been drawn diagonally going up since the business has been getting higher profits every year (like a profit graph). â€Å"Even so turnover grew steadily† and â€Å"The group earned at least 10 million baht a year,† these quotes prove the statements I made above. You can read also Costco Case Study P.N. Marine was blessed from every angle and side. Even the government was a help to them not a hindrance. Mrs. Nusara would agree with me if I say the government played a major role in increasing her firms control over the market. The government first of all, gave them a FDA certificate for their good and hygienic quality of food. Then the government certified them as Halal food for Muslims. These two certificates from the government surely increased the company's USP (Unique Selling Pont image) enlarging the company's control over the market and capturing a place in the hearts of the public. The Invigorating Thai Business programme organized by the government also provided essential feedback to increase efficiency and develop the company further. When P.N. Marine, â€Å"†¦sought assistance from the Industrial Promotion Department through the Invigorating Thai Business programme created to help companies increase effeciency in their operations,† they agreed to help them. In brief the government overall has had a very positive impact on the business thus being supported strongly in the â€Å"General Business Environment† poltically. P.N. Marine, now a private limited company, has had negative and positive impacts upon the economy and community. The impacts upon the economy are not very big. This is because the business is running in a country where a mixed economy is used and it is running in a Monopolistic Competition (since a) there are many sellers and buyers, b) they are price takers, c) there are no barriers to entry and, d) firms produce differentiated products). Yes, there are effects on the economy. These effects apply only to the Operating Environment. One negative effect is that it is a threat to its competitors since its USP is very high and the company is very experienced (Intensity of Competitive Rivalry). The firm has positive impacts upon the economy too. A positive impact to the economy would be that since it, â€Å"sells (marine fishes) to feed mills or pet food factories,† P.N. Marine would have a positive impact on the mills. Since P.N. Marine runs in a monopolistic competition, there are a numerous amounts of sellers (in this case supplier of marine fishes) and these mills thus have a wide variety of suppliers to chose from. To get control over the market P.N. Marine would sell quality fish at low prices. Here we can see the positive impact in the Operating Environment for the buyers/firms who receive the supplied marine fishes (Power of Suppliers). Another positive impact of the firm on the economy is that its presence would increase Thailand's production of marine fishes and seafood's. Also they are traded all over the world and hence high money flow will happen in the country. Also since P.N. Marine is making higher profits each year and is a private limited company, the profits are taxed twice by the government. This has a positive impact on the economy too. Other than these positive impacts, the company also provides employment to over 150 workers, and provide cheap food for the poor (decreasing death rates and increasing health rates). These were the positive and negative impacts of the firm on the economy and society and business environment the firm works in. P.N. Marine works as a marine corporation. This has direct negative impacts on the environment. First of all it destroys marine life in the coastal areas. If we think carefully, Thailand is a favorite tourist spot for its beautiful marine life and coastal regions i.e. beaches. The firm may destroy Thailand's marine life decreasing tourism and negative impact on the economy and the environment. Along with this the company also increases pollution having a negative impact on the local environment. These were few negative impacts the firm has on the local environment. My essay has now studied and looked at all the factors I had stated in my thesis statement. In brief, here is a summarized version of the essay's analysis. Mrs. Nusara's motivator was her family financial problems i.e. she wanted to earn money and help her parents and siblings. We also got to know through this essay, the progress and development of P.N. Marine over the years i.e. right from its start to now. The development of the firm was fairly slow but as turnover grew quickly, more capital was available for expansion of the business. The government was overall had a positive remark for the firm. It helped develop the firm efficiently and also give a USP boost/reputation boost to the company, which increased turnover and control over the market. The firm has had a fairly very positive impact on the local economy, business environment and community providing money flow into the country, employing people, and allowing pet food industries to produce high quality products at low prices. The negative impact is that it is a threat to other firms in its operating environment since P.N. Marine has high reputation and USP rating. The firm overall has had a very negative impact on the wider environment although the local environment is not suffering as much. My essay hence has studied and explored, a) the origin of P.N. Marine, b) the development of the firm, c) how it was affected by the government, d) the positive and negative effect of the business on the local community and economy, e) the firm's negative impact on the local environment. These concepts were assisted by a number of business terms and concepts. In conclusion, my essay has studied all factors efficiently getting fairly good conclusions and analysis.

4 Career Tips All Successful Millennials Utilize

4 Career Tips All Successful Millennials Utilize You’re coming of age in a different world than your parents’ world. The job market is very different and rewards very different things. The market, for example, seems to reward passion more than it ever has, and above most other things. Successful millennials understand this and adapt accordingly. With that in mind, here are 4 unconventional tips for any millennial starting out in their career.1. Take the time to travelThis is definitely not the standard starting-out advice, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t good advice. So if you’re interested in other countries or other cultures, take a year and travel. Expose yourself to life in third-world and developing countries. Volunteer. No employer will look down at you for having taken that time to learn and expand your worldview, especially if you can build it into a broader narrative of what kind of career you’re looking for.2. Go by who you are, not what you earnTake a career test to figure out wha t you enjoy doing the most and what you’re best (or worst) at. Then, once you know, don’t set yourself up for misery or failure at a job doing something you’re just not suited for. No amount of money will make you happy in a bad situation. Do what you like and what you’re good at, and the rest will fall in place.3. Now is the time to go for brokeYou’ll never be as free to take financial risks as you are now, while you don’t have children or a mortgage. Use this time to start businesses or pursue new ideas (or travel). Even if they fail, you’ll learn an immense amount that can make a huge difference in the rest of your professional career.4. Be an entrepreneurAgain, now is your time to take risks. So many people want to be entrepreneurs and never give themselves a chance to try. If you’re an idea person, go for it. Worst case scenario: your venture fails. It will teach you something valuable about the next!Keep in mind youâ€⠄¢re in an amazing place in your life and career. Don’t waste your moment being too careful or risk averse. Go after what you want while you have time!

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder Essay I have been diagnosed with what is called a Bipolar Disorder Essay. For all of my life I have been moody, so I guess when my I had mood swings my parents chalked it up to being a teenager. I always knew that it was more than just moodiness, but I had no idea what was wrong with me. When I am in a manic state I feel empowered and clever. In this phase, people find me very charismatic I also love myself and others and am very creative and productive. I also make unwise decisions during this phase like investing in one of my creative ideas which are not realistic.My manic phases can also jump to irratbility and imparience with others, when I amin this stage of my manic phase all that I can see is that everyone is an idiot, and the world is against me. This is when my charisma wears off and I end up alienating people. Luckily, I have some friends and family that stick with me no matter what I do to hurt them. Eventually this manic stage wearsoff and I crash into a deep depression. I feel remorse and sadness for the harm that I have caused those around me. I spend alot of my depressed state apologizing to people for the harm I have inflicted on them. I try to clean up my mess. I also can not sleep during this phase so I force myself to do the everyday things such as cleaning the house, showering, as well as reading books and doing anything I can to keep my mind occupied. If I am not busy during this time my mind fills with ideas of my suicide. I have written my final intructions and apologies so many times I cant even begin to count them. I know every method of suicide possible, its a wonder that i am still alive. Fortunately one of my close firends found one of my suicide notes and told my family and close friends. They talked me into finding help I eventually checked myself into a psychiatric facility because I did not want to go to my home alone. After 4 hours of filling out insurance papers and talking to people I eventually saw a doctor at this point I panicked and ignored their advice. I had never checked myself into a facility like this because I was afraid if everyone saw how crazy I am I would never get out. I have now realized that the facilities help and do not harm. The doctors put me on medications for a while to tes the waters. The firts was Lithum, a drug that naturally occurs it is a mood stabilizer which helps control my mood swings. They also suggested stronger drugs such as depakote, depacine, depakene and epilim these are all derivatives of a substance called valproic acids these are called anti convulsants they help me stay calm. The doctors have given me a self medication regien that will help me control my moods. They had me change my eating habits. Rather then having my usual samll breakfast, medium lunch and large dinner they had me eat three meals of equal size and on a certain schedule. They said eating a larger meal later on in the day can make my bipolar disorder harder to treat. They also said it is imperative to have a set sleeping schedule. Going to bed at the same time everyday and waking up at the same time. they say lack of sleep can trigger mania. Along with a set eating and sleeping schedule the doctors have me make a mood chart to help illistrate which medications are working. it is also important in helping me find my triggers such as stress, foods, people, etc. I alo have had to learn how to manage I am also seeing a therapist who listens to me and helps me manage my disorder. .

Function of filter circuit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Function of filter circuit - Coursework Example It is less in voltage than the series circuit because its output voltage is the same as the input voltage. This circuit therefore, does not operate as a filter to the input signal except when supplied by the current source.The ideal op-amp amplifies all signals from Direct Current to the greatest Alternating Current frequenciesOpen-Loop Gain is infinite in ideal Op-amp amplifier. In real Op-Amp, the open loop gain is finite, ranging between 20000 and 200000.Ideal op-amp generates zero noise voltage from the internal parts.Real op-amp has several sources of noise, including semiconductor noise and resistive noise.Ideal op-amp operates as a perfect source of internal voltage without any internal resistance. Real op-amps have output-impedance ranging between 100 - 20â„ ¦.This diagram represents the relationship between the capacitor and a resistor in the circuit, if they are arranged in series. The circuit assists in measuring the voltage across the capacitor, using Kirchhoff's law o f the current. In this, the current that charges the capacitor has to be equal to the current passing through the resistor.A filter circuit server the purpose of producing restrictions on the bandwidth of frequencies for an alternating input signal and generate output with a narrower frequency- bandwidth. It also eliminates the alternating current ripple remaining in the output of the rectification of a diode-based alternating current circuit, leading to higher quality signal.

Theology of the Church II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theology of the Church II - Essay Example ighlighted by Dules include liturgy renewal, emphasizing the sacristy of the scriptures, reevaluation on the concept of authority, religious liberty, and acceptance of the world. McCormick (3), concentrated on moral theology that was a part of institutional models. The attributes of moral theology were confession-based, sin-centered, seminary-controlled, and magisterium-dominated. Until the 19th century, the Catholic Church was a hierarchical society that was under the leadership of the Pope as the successor of Peter. Inspired by the realization that Christians were capable of affiliating with true church in varying ways, Pope Pius XII in mystici Corporis introduced the concept of mystical body theology. The emphasis by Pius XII was on visible and invisible unity as the body of Christ. The mystical body is identified as the Catholic Church and no one would be a true member of the mystical body without being a member of the Roman Catholic Church (Vatican Council II #64 907). In addition, members of the mystical body had to be bound by faith, sacrament, and obedience in order to partake the Holy communion. Vatican II however emphasized the image of the people of God and its development to imply hierarchical and institutional structures. However, there were no detriments to its authority. However, Vatican Council II distanced itself from referring to the Catholi c church subsist in the Church of Christ thereby Leaving room for other Christian communities (Dulles 430). One weakness of the institutional model is in the tensions arising between the church as a mystical communion of grace and friendly interpersonal relationships. As a social organization, the church needs of charisma are crucial in understanding the tensions intrinsic in the humans and theological tasks of the church. The church needs charismatic priests and this is only achievable through clarification of the needs of priests as humans hence their role on church as an institution (Dulles

We Dont Sell Foods, We Sell Health Research Paper - 2

We Dont Sell Foods, We Sell Health - Research Paper Example The target market for this ad is basically full-time housewife who wants taking good care of family and people who are interested in changing body condition by eating healthy foods. In this case, I choose to design this ad looks like a shopping receipt. My core idea is to tell customers Whole Foods Market sells health instead of foods and they buy more percentage to live well with the most competitive prices possible. According to Jenkins, an advert should capture the attention of the audience at a glance (Jefkins & Yadin, 2000). I used the font as the same one on the formal receipt in my ad because I want my audience to recognize it as a receipt immediately. The font color is black and the logo is green just like the Whole Foods current logo. The receipt also seems to be laying on the desk and a little curve in order to make it more stereoscopic and attractive. This feature enhances the clarity of the advert to the customer and brings out more attention and focus on the information provided. The final ad features â€Å"total health† in order to equip the knowledge to customers of the true nature of services available. It shows that complete health awareness is found here. The advert aims at increasing the awareness of customers of the significance of high-quality foods. This implies care on the part of the seller to the customers in promoting the quality and health in life. Vincent argues that an advertisement needs to be colorful and attractive depending on the media used. This captures the attention of the audience and sends a good message with clarity (Vincent, 1989). This receipt is suitable for magazine advertising since it lacks color and can be outstanding in the colorful magazine layout. The message is precise and the advert has been designed in a mode to fit in a small part of the magazine.  Ã‚  

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions Sustainable development was defined by (Brundtland, 1987) as a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Economists generally accepted and supported Brundtland definition of sustainable development. Pearce barbier (blueprint for Sustainable Economy, 2000) also defines sustainable development as development that last. They also said that future generations should be entitled to at least the same level of economic well-being as is currently available to the present generation. It can also be defined as meeting human fundamental needs while preserving the life-support systems of the planet Earth. This is a scientific perspective on the sustainable development relation between nature and society. The main pillars of sustainable development are: Economic development Social development and Environmental development The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers the above pillars as the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development. There has been an indigenous controversy over the main pillars of sustainable development through various International Forums such as United Nation Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conversion of Biological Diversity that there are four pillars of sustainable development which they called the fourth one , Cultural development. Also, The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further detailed the concept by saying that the cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. This basically becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. The universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity stated that Cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. This image represents the schemes of sustainable development. Source (Wikipedia encyclopedia on Sustainable Development). Barriers to achieving sustainable development in developing countries. Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holisticconcept which aims or targets to integrate social, economicand cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth. However, there are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing countries. These barriers are: Economic / financial barriers Social barriers Political barriers HIV and Injecting Drug use Poor monitoring and evaluation system Institutional barriers Cultural barriers Trade barriers Poverty and disease Climate change Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than peoples rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. Various contributors supported economic growth coming first in developing countries, especially least-developed countries (LDCs), and concluded that investment in environmental protection should be left to a later stage of development, essentially accepting environmental degradation to meet immediate needs. In other words, there was a controversy by other researchers saying that the future generations ability to enjoy an acceptable standard of living would be on shambles if due attention were not immediately paid to social and environmental aspects as well as economic. This they said requires shift in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained. Some contributors recommended developed capitalist societies to act quickly to become more sustainable. Other researchers underscored the imperative for developing countries not to follow the western models of unsustainable development. Three basic constraints to financing sustainable development (SD) are: Competing priorities for limited resources, particularly in LDCs Undelivered pledges made at the international conferences to finance SD. Externalities, such as increased oil prices, conflict, and natural disasters that alter the development priorities of many countries. Initiatives to overcome economic and financial barriers In other to achieve economic growth without threatening social development and environmental resources, new and different vehicles for growth must be oriented to different country situations. Governments should be responsible for market-led problems with incentive for the private sector to become problem-solvers, and not polluters. There is need to shift the incentive and motivating structure for farmers around the world. Policies makers should promote agricultural production that is based on significantly higher labor inputs per area and significantly more diverse production streams. There is need to reform the calculation of economic growth and removal of weapons-related cost from GDP would provide a strong indication of relative spending toward sustainable development to politicians. Justifying the need to abandon linear system of industrial production based on total exploitation of natural resources, over production, and waste generation in favor of a circular system of production using clean technologies and the elimination of waste resources. Social barriers Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable development in the world and developing countries. Absent of a significant change in human behavior, sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The marginalization of the poor and entrenched inequities Limited awareness about sustainable development Environmental issues among both politicians and the wider public fragmented civil society Inadequate interaction between civil society and government Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable development Initiatives to overcome the social barriers. Need for stronger policies to address income disparity and population growth. The introduction of programmes to create awareness and build capacity in the field of sustainable development among the general public can assist to the change in behavior and lifestyle that is needed to achieve sustainability. Efforts to increase scientific capacity will take place within a context of different funding patterns (which involves philanthropic foundations, business, and governmental and intergovernmental bodies), environmental concerns, and research orientations. Governments must foster their relationships with NGOs and other civil society organizations. Also , civil society must take on a great role in policy making and implementation. Participation of civil society in social programmes and related decision making process would ensure accountability; this will help in creating condition for receiving financial aid or UN assistance. Concrete partnership among national and local governments, the grassroots, private sector, civil society and development actors should be developed. Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing world. Researchers believed that governments are stuck in the old development paradigm ,emphasizing economic growth and believing that industrial countries have made no significant effort to change their patterns in production and consumption, thereby threatening global resources. To meet sustainable development objectives requires genuine political and institutional will at all levels of government in all countries, developed and developing. Nevertheless, Corruption, ineffective government and weak inactive law enforcement are hindrances to achieving genuine sustainability. Moreover, lack of information and relevant data availability, limited capacity of policy and decision-makers were identified as reasons for the limited cooperation of governments. The outcome of the discussion by the World Summit on Sustainable Development that was held in South Africa in 2002 was that sustainable development has not been able to evolve out of its environmental roots and that greater focus on climate change may be pulling the issue towards a purer environmental direction rather than integrating sustainable development perspective. They also warned that SD is being replaced by climate change on the political agenda, leaving the rest of the sustainable development agenda forgotten. Lack of coordination to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development has been a major challenge at all levels. At the global level, the United Nations failed to join together its efforts to promote a genuinely sustainable development. Campaigns for integrating many factors are themselves not harmonized, but try to meet different purposes at different times. It was noted that the sectionalized approach to the MDGs has dissolved the broader context of development, and MDG 7 on sustainable development has been largely neglected in favor of other goals rather than being a basis for achieving the rest of the MDGs. More consistent policies to support SD are needed at the international level, including within the United Nations system. At the regional level, regional agreements on SD and mechanisms for their implementation are not stable. There was an agreement that, at national level, a multi-disciplinary approach to governance is needed rather than the persisting tendency for different line ministries, departments and agencies to act without a clear framework for coordination across sectors. Sectorial systems of governance create and perpetuate silo thinking and behavior. It was observed that there is basically no effective national forum for strategic planning on pro-poor economic growth, social development, environment and climate change for developing countries. For instance, inCentral Asia, it was noted that few countries have policies linking environment, poverty, trade and social development, that few environmental policies target equity or poverty issues, and health policies are still mainly formulated in isolation without blending to related sectors. Also at the institutional level, responsibility for the implementation of sustainable development is generally assigned to the Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency or the tantamount, which traditionally receive little attention and a insufficient budget. Environmental agency would find it difficult to take a balanced approach to economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Poor community involvement was noted as a final major political barrier to achieving sustainable development goals. A top-down approach by centralized authorities often imposes projects and programmes on local governments. Moreover, policy making and implementation does not take into consideration the grassroots need or involve the lower levels of government. Initiatives to overcome political barrier In combating political barrier, sustainable development strategies must be streamlined, but also applied with more severity. The need for environmental institutions to blend and work with other (non-environmental) institutions. Also all ministries must cooperate and work together to achieve an integrated sustainable development for their countries. Stringent efforts should be directed to encroach structural problems that deform both developmental and environmental prospects by focusing on key injustices, notably in trade, environment and climate change. There should be an analytical work on advanced financing for SD. Poverty and environment linkages must be undertaken to further incorporate economic, social and environmental factors. Basic components like sensitization of political leaders, private sector involvement, and participation of local communities need to be concrete in developmental approach. Capacity-building is also necessary across the board. Progress in sustainable developmental goals involves strong, innovation-driven science and technology policies. HIV and Injecting Drug Use Poverty and disease in relation to HIV and Drug Use frustrates the implementation of sustainable development in many developing countries. In many developing countries, HIV epidemics between injecting drug users (IDUs) are preceding larger epidemics in the broader population. Notwithstanding recent expansion of responses, within individual countries, these tend to be several years behind the pace and scale of the actual epidemic. These are factors closely linked to development. The current policy environment makes it difficult for community-based programmes to prevent HIV between injecting drug users. Deficiency in policy dialogue between sectors of government responsibility for reactions to HIV and drug use There is an economic, social and political breakdown which leads to increase in drug injecting, needle sharing and, consequently HIV. Inadequate community capacity, in terms of skills, resources and experience to respond to HIV among IDUs. Injecting drug users, especially women, being demonized for their drug use, rather than supported, placing them at particular risk of both human rights abuses and HIV infection Donor agencies and countries alike failing to recognize the long-term threat to development posed by HIV and injecting drug use. Initiatives to overcome HIV and Injecting Drug Use UNDP and partner agencies, especially UNAIDS and UNDCP, are in a unique and appropriate position to take the lead in the planning and implementation of responses in the following areas: Policy dialogue and reform Programme development and monitoring Creating awareness and understanding of the development implications of HIV and IDU Powering community capacity to respond Addressing gender considerations Responding to legal , ethical and human right issues Also there is need to implement the MDGs in all developing countries especially on reducing poverty and ensuring good health. Poor monitoring and evaluation systems A basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economicimpacts of developmental projects, rather thanthe outcomealone. Initiatives to overcome poor monitoring and evaluation systems Co-ordination of data within which the vast amount of data can be easily accessed. Countries specific knowledge bases are needed to guide decision making. This is a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring the outcomes of interventions that feeds into subsequent planning processes. National research and development systems need to be strengthened, as well as south-south and south-north knowledge sharing and management. Institutional barriers Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries. Since the end of the civil war, developing countries have made a striking movement towards democratic capitalism as the operative model of governance. Moreover in making that transition, many countries discovered that they lack institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of democratic system. They discovered that they have never witness free and fair elections with a full ballot of candidates from multiple parties. In other hand, they were not prepared to run a parliament, also not prepared to have journalists and broadcasters looking at the problems of government in a very public way. Initiatives to overcome institutional barrier Generating enough scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to the multiple stresses arising from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental system. USAID and other governmental donors have facilitated institutional building to help these countries to help these countries fix all the mechanism operating in an open democratic society. Sponsoring democratic programs, introducing new approaches to crisis management and conflicts analysis to assist opposing parties in resolving their peacefully and within the framework that a democratic system provides. Trade barriers Basically developing countries find the EUs strict food safety requirements disruptive to trade. In addition to sanitary standards, new technical product specifications and industrial norms might obstruct the exports of developing countries .The EU introduced a series of directives varying from technical specifications for cars, weighing machines and toys, to the compulsory labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), eggs and voluntary eco-labels. In addition to Community standards, there are regulations at the member-state level. However the level to which this continual flow of new standards helps to restrict imports from developing countries is not properly known. It is clear, however, that WTO notification leads to protests by developing countries .Some of the developing countries expressed their concern, regarding new EU directives on discarded electronic apparatuses proposed by the Commission in 2000 Initiatives to overcome trade barriers Trade liberalization including the removal of existing distortion in international trade must be pursued to support sustainable development policies in developing countries. Sustainable development requires a dynamic international economy and an open, equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable multilateral trading system to support sound domestic economic and environmental policies in both developed and developing countries. Trade and environment should be reciprocally supportive in the pursuit of sustainable development. Conclusion In achieving sustainable development, the 3pillars of SD should be integrated. Progress in sustainability will require fostering problem -driven , interdisciplinary research; building capacity for research; creating coherent system of research planning , operational monitoring , assessment , and application; and providing reliable long term financial support. The need to generate adequate scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to multiple stresses that arise from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental systems. REFERENCES Achieving Sustainable Development, an e-journal of the U.S Department of State.April 2002, volume 1, Num 1. Barbier, E.,1987.The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development.Environmental Conservation, 14(2):101-110 Promoting trade for sustainable development by UNCTAD Secretariat (www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdxibp10_en.pdf) Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier,1989.Blueprint for a green economy,Earthscan, London, Great Britain UNDP, 2006. Making Progress on environmental sustainability. Lessons and recommendations from a review of over 150 MDG country experiences (www.undp.org/fssd/report) Summary of e -discussion on achieving sustainable development, April 2008. (http://www.undg.org/docs/8885/eDiscussion-on-Achieving-Sustainable-Development.htm) Sustainability science , science 292.5517 (April 27 ,2001):p 641. Working together towards SD (http://www.oecdwash.org/DATA/DOCS/working_together.pdf) World Summit Outcome Document 2005,World Health Organization, 15 September 2005